Asthma or a Chronic Inflammatory Disorder of the Airways

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur. Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness.During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open . The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils.Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of sub-mucous glands. Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy.This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months  when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination.Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may ha ve one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications.An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication. In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient's history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status.Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, th e respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Bread Talk Marketing Analysis Essay

BREAD TALK GROUP (Bakery) Number of brands under Bread talk group ( bakery) 1) Bread talk 2) Toast Box 3) The icing room 4) Bread Society Macro- environment: * Economic: There is a rise in income for most middle and lower income earners, making the bread sold price inelastic as it is a smaller proportion of the salary earned. Bread talk will always enjoy a demand for their bakery products. * Demographic: There is an increase in Singapore’s Population (overcrowding) from past years, more people will cause an increase in demand for such bakeries. * Culture: It is Asian’s habit to eat supper/ tea and hence selling of breads can be used as snacks during these breaks. Therefore there will always be a demand for these snacks. * Technology: Bread talk consulted top R& D teams to create more varieties of bread. 50 novel recipes conceptualized with the input of international bakery consultants within its Research & Development team. The exciting Euro bread series harnesses the taste and quality of European breads and incorporates them with a variety of Asian flavors, such as drunken longan, black sesame, spinach and sweet potato. * Competition: There are also many bakery shops that are well known such as Four Leaves, Crystal Jade, Cake History, Begawan Solo etc. which are in close vicinity of Bread talk. Consumers may choose to purchase breads in different shops according to their tastes and preferences Market: * over 600 bakery outlets in 15 territories * territories include: Singapore, China, Hong Kong and the Middle East Customer target group: * people with different range of income esp. low and middle class * no age group * the discerning customer who enjoys her daily bread * esp those living in city areas Strategy of company * Spirit of innovation: introduced new bakery model called Bread Talk Transit positioned as a quick stop for consumers on the go. Bread talk also developed a mobile application, allowing users to make purchases, locate outlets, and be informed of the latest promotions. By enabling customers to shop-on-the-go, it effectively reduces the in-store shopping time by close to 33% and led to a 75% increase in customer compliments. * Increases productivity and allows for more versatility when sourcing for retail space. * Rapid expansion of the Bread Talk brand. * Strengthened Brand presence : Build RamenPlay, Bread talk, Toast Box and The icing room together in Nex reap financial benefits through cost savings due to shared expenditure ( set up costs) * More charity work being done/ sharing their success: To celebrate 10th anniversary, BreadTalk pledged 5 cents from each Floss Bun sold to Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund, raised $50,000 for needy school children. * Marketing mix: 1) Product: bread, pastries, cakes and drinks. Always create new varieties of breads: Chilli Crab, Carlee Crab & branded its signature bun: Chicken Floss Bun. There are 50 types of bun available in each outlet. Objective: Gain revenue and to satisfy customer’s desire for snacks, especially during breakfast and tea time because most people usually take bread or pastries during this time 2) Place: 25 outlets in Singapore. Some places includes: Parco, Bugis junction, Paragon, Tiong Bahru Plaza, Novena Square, Jurong Point Shopping Centre, Marriott Hotel, Tang Plaza, Junction 8Shopping Centre, Great World City, Capitol Building, Turf City, Parkway Parade, HDB Hub (Toa Payoh), Tampines Mall etc Objective: Locating everywhere allows the customer to buy their bread anywhere! 3) Price: Min. price: $1.00.Max. price:$2.00 Objective: Priced averagely so that people can afford the bread 4) Promotion : a. Store structure: i. Each outlet bears the urban, clear glass, clean cut look punctuated subtly with detailing of contrasting colours of artworks, unique to each locale. (Zen-like concept) ii. BreadTalk signature â€Å"see through† kitchens allow their chefs to showcase their expertise upfront, sharing the preparation of the freshly browned breads and tempt the customers to have a taste of their breads. b. Advertisements/Television/Banners to attract others cheaper price during anniversary month : Bread talk campaign tagline â€Å"Breadtalk gets you Talking†, c. Use of their own brand plastic bag, pamphlet and coupons also serve as a type of promotion to attract new customers wherever and whenever the name carries it. d. Loyalty card-Spend above $5, you will get a stamp on your card. With correct no. of stamps, they are able to redeem a free bun. Flaws * Decline in sales was due to some outlets’ business not doing well, leading to revenue and profits made by other outlets to go wasted as earning cannot overcome losses made. * The popular ‘Chicken Floss Bun ´ idea was stolen by other bakery shops. Bread Talk pushed onto the losing side as competitor sells the product at lower prices price out-grew satisfaction! Improvements made: Market Penetration : 1) Bread talk can have delivery services 2) Bread talk can sell using push carts 3) Conduct more lucky draws to encourage more purchase of breads Product Development 1) Create Minis Breads like Four Leaves such that consumers get to taste and will go for the normal one if the flavours are nice 2) Create certain type of breads during festivals like CNY , Christmas Market Development 1) Open a place to sit and eat ( E.g. Cafà ©) to allow ppl to rest and interaction /not just buy and go 2) Open more shops in residential areas ( underneath HDB flats etc.) so that it is more convenient for residents | Diversification 1) Invent new bread flavours that customers like by surveying them before that Swot Analysis Strengths 1) Unique concept & branding: captures interest of consumers as it constantly develops products reflecting contemporary  lifestyle and current events. Shops gives customers a sense of friendliness 2) Wide range of products:  Bread talk offers over 150 varieties of breads, buns, pastries and cakes overall. Breadtalk constantly introduces new products to cater to customers’ changing tastes. It currently introduces approximately 10 items every four months 3) Strategic Locations : located at strategic and accessible places to attract potential customers as having high customer traffic flow (near public transport systems , retail outlets, , cinemas) Weakness 1) Pricing: products are priced higher than the products of other bakeries, which might cause customers to choose another brand 2) Selection of Products : products limited to bread and cake compared to Bengawan Solo with pastries choices Opportunities 1) Nature of Products :Bread is a commodity and can be sold anywhere in the world. There is a high potential for global growth since there is a constant consumer demand for bread expanding of business overseas 2) Other Markets: BreadTalk has forged partnerships currently in Indonesia, China (Shanghai) Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan ROC and the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman and UAE), India and Hong Kong. Threats 1) Product/Brand Concept Replication Breadtalk faces the threat of product/brand concept replication by other bakeries especially in regions which Breadtalk has not ventured into (eg USA). 2) Competition from Direct and Indirect Competitors: – indirect competitors include specialized bakeries like Donut Factory, which are currently both capturing increasing consumer interest.

Character Analysis of Sykes

â€Å"Sweat† still brings to mind the Garden of Eden. Maybe It Is the title, â€Å"Sweat,† that brings to mind Genesis 3:19, â€Å"By the sweat of thy brow shall thou eat†¦ † Or It might be the snake that makes it reflect the Biblical Fall. It is not a mirror image of course. Delia Is not Eve, and Sykes is not Adam. In fact, Sykes seems more like the serpent. Sykes is a callous, brutal, vain, and worthless man. Sykes is an insensitive man who does not care about Deli's feelings.For example, Sykes knows that snakes terrify Delia and yet he takes great pleasure in using this fear against her. He throws his bull whip at her knowing that she will think It Is a snake. When she confronts him saying that he knew that It would scare her he says. â€Å"Course Ah know It! That's how come Ah done it. If you such a big fool data you got to have a fit over a earth worm or string, Ah don't Kerr how bad Ah seeker you. † (353) Sykes is so callous towards his wife and her fear of snakes that he catches a rattlesnake and brings it home in a box as a â€Å"gift.When she demands that he take the snake away, he tells her, â€Å"A whole like Ah Kerr 'bout how you feels Inside uh out. Data snake Alan going' no damn heehaw till Ah gist ready UHF ‘Im HTH go' (358). He even puts the rattler in her clothes hamper while she Is at church on Sunday, knowing that when she gets home from church she will sort out her clothes as she does every Sunday night. Sykes is not a man; he is a brutal bully who is shocked by anyone standing up to him. When Delia stands up to him after meekly taking his abuse for fifteen years, he does not know how to take it.It cowed him and he did not strike her as he usually did† (354). Sykes was stunned by Della standing up to him, and as the bully he was, he backed down and left. During the time period covered by the story, Sykes never actually hits Della. He just threatens to. Hurst tells the reader that Sykes has beate n Della for fifteen years, and the men sitting on the front porch of Joe Slacker's store also comment on how Delia used to be pretty before she married Sykes. Elijah Mostly even tells the other men, â€Å"He done beat huh ‘enough HTH kill three women, let ‘lone change they kooks† (355).At this point, the men's talk turns from Delia to Sykes, and they talk about his arrogance. From this discussion, the reader learns that Sykes Is vain. â€Å"He illus. wax uh overbearing' analog, but since data white ‘Oman from up North done attached ‘IM how to run a automobile, he done got too biggest to live?an' we ought kill ‘IM,† Old Man Anderson advises (355). In addition to the conversation between the men, the reader can also tell that Sykes thinks that he is superior from the way that he speaks to the other men.After Sykes catches the rattlesnake and brings it home, the people from the village begin asking him questions like how he did he catch it. à ¢â‚¬Å"Ma'am a snake charmer an knows how TU handle ‘me. † Sykes tells Thomas (357). When Walt suggests that he should kill the rattlesnake, Sykes tells him, â€Å"New, Walt, VII Jess' don't understand dose diamond' basks lake ad' (357). While Sykes may think that he is better than the other men, they think that he is worthless. When the men on the porch of Joe Clacks store see Delia delivering the laundry that she has washed, JoeLindsey comments on how dependable Delia is and how hard she works. Moss agrees saying, â€Å"She better if she wanted eat. Sykes Jones ant with De shot an' powder law about him. He ant fit HTH carry guts HTH a bear† (355). Joe Clark agrees that Sykes is worthless, but he tells the men, â€Å"Taint no law on earth data kin make a man be decent if it ant in ‘IM† (355). It is Sykes callousness, brutality, and vanity that make him worthless. His insensitivity to Delia whose blood, sweat, and tears have fed and provided for him t hat makes him worse than useless to her.The brutal beatings he eave her have destroyed her beauty, and his constant affairs have made their marriage meaningless. His pride in being a snake charmer backfires on him in the end, when the snake he placed in Deli's laundry basket bites and kills him. Sykes is callous, brutal, vain and worthless and destroys any chance that he might have had in making the home he shared with Delia anything like the Garden of Eden. He has been the cause of his own fall by catching a rattlesnake and bringing it home. While Delia is not Eve, and Sykes is not Adam, their story does seem to parallel the Biblical Fall.

Astrology Really Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astrology Really Works - Essay Example This correlation does not provide any prove of causality, but for most astrologers, the information available is good enough. Astrology has several things that it is able to perform better than just random guessing. Astrology’s case is that it is amid the many enduring beliefs held as true by human. It joins us with the universe and the entirety of things, offers a fundamental way of describing ourselves and, it applies a variety of techniques (Dean). Practically an affectionate and compassionate astrologer offers a low priced and non threatening treatment that is otherwise difficult to obtain. The astrologer offers emotional condolence, spiritual back up, and entertaining agenda to arouse self-evaluation. New ideas always emerge which could elicit spiritual cognisance. In an inhumane society, an astrologer gives individualized support at particularly low costs, which cannot be offered by any other practitioner, or by random guessing. There exists logical support for the claim that astrology works better than random guessing. This can be better explained by the Magi breakthrough which is comprised of tossing out all the data of birth apart from the date as well as tossing out every chart factor apart from the interplanetary aspects, analogs and contra-analog (Dean). An analog or contra-analog exists when two planets possess similar or opposite declination. Astrologers who advocate that birth moments are essential and that just the entire chart can be used may be compromised. Declination happens to be the new dimension, although it has been applied by several astrologers. The justifications available for this enormous leap are informative. Birth times cannot be used since even the birth certificates with the exact time tend to be wrong. Declinations are the ones which can be used since it is not possible to interpret fully birth charts in their absence. Astrology critics can weaken the claim that it certainly produces dependable information. The critics c laim that astrology is untrue (Dean). They claim that it has not added to human cognition and that it claims the reputation of science but does not employ the scientific methods. They criticize that it has been unsuccessful in many tests, that it does not offer benefits above those generated by factors that are non-astrological and that users usually disagree on fundamentals like those used by zodiac. It is clear through several evidences that astrology is quite accurate in ascertaining an individual’s personality and in overseeing his or her experiences to a given standard. This level of accuracy, however, is determined by the experience of the astrologer involved. There exist theories that provide prove that astrology works. These theories include the solar wind, the cosmic pattern and the spiritual theories that are based on Karma. It is necessary to note that these theories do not collide with each other and instead they are only separate interpretations on the way astrol ogy works. The solar wind is an energy particles stream from the sun’s corona. Those events that occur in the sun do affect the earth, because we are in the earth’s magnetic field.  

Why the Second Amendment Should Not Give Citizens the Right to Own Essay

Why the Second Amendment Should Not Give Citizens the Right to Own Assault Weaponry - Essay Example The second amendment brings about a huge debate regarding the intended objective of this amendment. Some Americans and scholars alike are of the belief that this amendment brought forth an individual constitutional right for American citizens to keep arms (Maier 21). On the other hand, other scholars are of the opinion that the language of the amendment, with focus on the words, a regulated militia was intended at trying to restrict the United States Congress from legislating against a US state’s right to defending itself (Whitney, 42). On the idea that the amendment’s intention was to give Americans the constitutional right to arm themselves (Maier 21), the constitution of the United States tries to restrain legislating against citizen’s right to possess firearms. This school of thought explains that an amendment to denying citizens the right to own firearms would, in fact, be unconstitutional and therefore null and void (Halbrook 36). On the other hand, the sch ool of thought advocating that the amendment was meant at restraining the US Congress from legislating against the rights of US states to defend themselves argues that the local, federal and state bodies are the ones that are entitled the right of bearing arms. This effectively locks out private citizens and individual from the right to bear arms (Whitney, 42). In the case of United States, V. Miller before the Supreme Court of the US in 1939, the Supreme Court ruled that citizens do not enjoy the right to arm themselves and thus interpreted the Second Amendment to mean that the US Congress could, in fact, come in and regulate against the rights of private citizens owning firearms (Halbrook 44). The above case became a precedent until the year 2008 when another case on the same issue of the second amendment came before the US Supreme Court again. In the 2008 case, the court, in the case of District of Columbia against Heller determined that the constitution of the US had indeed esta blished the right to own firearms by individual citizens of the United States. As the plaintiff in the case, Heller was in court to argue against the legality of the ban on handguns in the state of Washington DC. This piece of legislation had been around for the last 32 years. The US Supreme Court, therefore, found the law to be unconstitutional and a violation of the right that US citizens have to bear arms. In addition to the ruling, the court also ruled that the US constitution could in no way refuse to let the mentally ill, as well as criminals, bear arms. The ruling brought about the increased debate as to the real meaning of the second amendment and what the framers of this legislation had in mind when they developed this piece of legislation. In the year 2010 in a case also related to the second amendment, in McDonald against Chicago city, the Supreme Court decided to adopt the argument that the second amendment was aimed at ensuring citizens enjoyed the right to arm themselv es (Halbrook 78). The court determined that the second amendment meant that American citizens enjoyed the right to bear arms for purposes of self-defense. One judge dissented on the ruling, but a majority of the judges and indeed the ruling was that the handgun ban of Chicago that prohibited private individuals from bearing firearms was against the spirit of the constitution (Whitney 22). According to the ruling of the Supreme Court in the year 2008 and 2010, the aim of the second amendment was to enable private individuals to bear arms.

How to protect a home from burglars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to protect a home from burglars - Essay Example Therefore, adoption of appropriate home management ideals and measures by homeowners is critical to ensure adequate protection of property. This paper gives in-depth analysis of home burglary, its causes, effects and prevention measures. Ideally, burglary practices have been in the increasing end with most authorities stating that its prevalence may be detrimental in the end if not addressed. Therefore, authorities have initiated deliberations towards providing sustainable solution to its effects which threaten to paralyze economic growth and prospects of various nations (Wynn 1). In US, crime prevention council has been put in place to develop sufficient modalities towards offering amicable solution to the problem. Similarly, they are charged with mandate to analyze its root causes and to make potential recommendations with security orientation. Evidently, burglary is a vice, which is caused by several factors requiring sufficient solution towards developing societies with sustainable growth prospects. The practice is economically instigated due to high poverty levels and increased desire to fulfill human obligations. According to Gorman unemployment and low income, capacities have immensely catalyzed burglary practices globally. He asserts that burglary cases have proportionately increased at similar margin compared to unemployment rate. This is equivocally attributable to low economic prospects, which cannot support creation of satisfactory jobs for all currently (Fennelly 13). Consequently, peer pressure also enhances individual’s ability to engage in burglary activities through compromised values. Evidently, most friends have influenced their peers into immoral activities, especially individuals of questionable character who always engage in unfair practices. Imperatively, it is important to note that individuals should adequately analyze and understand character traits

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Politics - Essay Example There are three main topics which I cover in this essay, the first is explaining the current approaches to the post - Cold war international order, secondly I examine the role of the U.S.A in the international order, and finally, I discuss the future possibilities of the international order. I take each topic in turn, present both arguments and show the similarities and differences between Liberals and Marxists. The end of the Cold War can be analysed as a significant development in world politics and as the defeat of Marxism and triumph of Liberalism. Fukuyama is quoted as saying that this is â€Å"the end of History† and explains in his thesis, â€Å" [the end of the Cold war is] not to an â€Å"end of ideology† or a convergence between capitalism and socialism, but to an unabashed victory of economic and political liberalism† (1989 pp.39). The triumphant Liberals will claim that the post-Cold war world order has the U.S.A as the single world super-power, however, they have grasped this power through consent rather than through imperialist measures like past super-powers have done, for example, Great British Empire throughout the 19th century. This has been achieved through introduction of Free-trade agreements via the WTO, and, as a result of certain policies and economic development, other important liberal factors, such as democracy and freedom, have flourished, pa rticularly in former Soviet Union satellite states such as Poland and the Ukraine. The traditional Liberal position on the international order is a â€Å"bottom-up approach† (p121) which means that the needs of the individuals is paramount so the states orientations reflect the peoples desires and not the other way around. This in turn is reflected onto the international scene where different states want different things and hence free-trade can be quite effective in this position. From the

To What Extent Can HRM Be Described as Strategic Essay

To What Extent Can HRM Be Described as Strategic - Essay Example This paper will focus on the extent to which the human resource management can be considered as strategic. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) The purpose of the HR strategies is to guide the human resource management development and implementation programs. The programs dedicate towards the means of communicating to all concerned the intentions of the organization about the management of the human resources. The Human Resource strategies provide a dynamic vision but they also determine to which direction the actions are required to be executed and realized. The strategic human resource management develops a stream of dynamic decisions which help in the formation of a pattern developed by the organization for the management of the human resource and also identification of specific areas which needs to be developed. The strategies will basically focus on the do’s and dont’s of the organization to maintain the organizational health stability (Armstrong, 124). In st rategic human resource management, the functioning system appears in a systematic cycle following a sequenced chronological order. These can be classified into five different dimensions: a) mission and goals, b) environmental analysis ,c) strategic formulation , d) strategy implementation and lastly d) strategy evaluation (Bratton, 40). Validation of strategic human resource management There are limitations to the strategic human resource management. They do not always take into account the circumstances that are unique to a company's structure which may require alteration to regular procedures. The strategic human resource may not be always cost effective in nature since it focuses more towards a centralization-based approach and ignore the factors such as implementation and operating costs (Armstrong, 385). The strategic human resource management may not find its optimal feasibility in smaller companies that do not provide hardcore corporate environment. It can be also said that t he concept of strategic human resource management are based on beliefs about the rationality of the approaches used to develop strategy. The process also seems to underestimate the significance of politics, power, and culture. The implications of the power and politics perspective of the HRM are manifold. It is a fact that anyone who has worked with the organizations in the development of the HR practices such as selection and appraisal systems has inferred that it is political rather than technical or strategic consideration which determines the development of the final product (Armstrong, 278). Focus on organizational processes such as power and influence, institutionalization, conflict and contest for controls needs to be given special emphasis in order to under how the strategic decisions will be successful (Klimosk and Zaccaro). The prevalent conceptualizations of SHRM are depended on the conventional rational perspective to administrative decision-making, acts of linear planni ng and choice and action. Managerial fallacy Critical organizational theorists have criticized these assumptions stating that the strategic decisions are not necessarily based on the output of rational calculation. The theorists argue that the image of the manager as a reflective planner and strategist is based on a

Technical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Technical Writing - Essay Example A fire lane is where you should not park. This definition is very poor and inadequate in educating people about safety and driving rules. This is because it can make the intended audience to define all places or spaces where parking is not allowed as a fire lane. This is wrong considering the fact that there are many other places in which parking is not allowed yet they do not qualify to be called fire lane for example pedestrian paths. The definition should indicate where fire lanes are located and their functions. A fire lane refers to a marked lane in a parking space or parking lot that is closer to a structure or building whose function is to allow access of safety equipment to the structure/building or escape route in case of emergency. A crime is a violation of the law. The degree of accuracy of this definition is low and insufficient in explaining what a crime is. This is because not all violations of the law can be regarded as crimes. An example is a breach of contract. This applies to individuals involved and it only qualifies to be called an offence or a wrong. An act can only qualify to be called a crime if it is a wrong against the public. This means it has to be within the parameters of the natural laws of the land. A crime can therefore be defined as a breach of laws or rules for which some authority can prescribe a conviction. Sterilization is the process of sterilizing. This definition is such a poor one and it is very inefficient in explaining what sterilizing means. It is just like saying, â€Å"John is John†, â€Å"a car is a car† instead of explaining who John is, or what a car is. Therefore, the second part of the definition should explain what sterilization actually entails. In this case, it is more scholarly to say that sterilization refers to the removal or killing of all disease-causing organisms from a surface. Activity 11.3 The intended audiences for the explanation of the term consumer are students who are undertaking b usiness studies and the purpose of the definition is to help them understand the position of a consumer in a chain of production and their role in an economy. The term consumer refers to any household or individual that utilizes the goods and/or services produced within an economy. The audience for which the definition of the term depreciation is intended for are senior high school students undertaking business studies and the definition will help them to understand why some assets that have been used are normally sold at a price lower than its initial buying price. By definition, depreciation refers to the decline in the fair value of an asset. The explanation of the term management is intended for students undertaking studies on business administration and this definition will enable them visualize their roles and functions as future managers of various organizations. According to Gomez-Mejia (2008), management refers to the organization and coordination of people and activities o f an organization in accordance to certain policies in order to achieve the organization’s desired goals and objectives. The explanation of the term software is intended for is high school students who are undertaking computer studies and the definition will enable them to understand what enables a computer to perform its various functions and applications. By definition, software refers to a group of computer programs (sequence of instructions) and

Assignment 2-- The Screwtape Letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 2-- The Screwtape Letters - Essay Example In other words, symbolism is anything that stands for something like character, object, animal or something abstract like an idea or force of nature (Lewis 28). In character portrayal, it tries to analyze how the characters tend to carry themselves. As in, what mood or tone they symbolize, an example could be polite, kind, rough, dictator or democratic leader, who shows a good example to the members, who are interested in retaining him for the next term. To start with, the Screw tape letters describes how Christians view demons and in turn how they come to affect their lives, this is symbolized by the character Wormwood who is assigned a duty with his uncle Screw tape to guide the rest of the people, but instead, he leads them a stray to sins and later comes to damn himself. This is evidenced when Screw tape tries to reply letters from Wormwood. In as much as Christians tend to view how evil or demons affect their lives as human beings, wormwood is taken to represent the evil deeds, when he leads people to sins. Screw Tape described as the old devil, introduces his nephew to the world of sin. He acts behind the scenes and this portrays him as a trickster. In their first conversation with Wormwood, he gives him a task after lying to him that when he was about his age, he also snatched the soul of great Nero himself. â€Å"Stealing forth on the historic night, he muttered, I sped to the heart of the holocaust where I heard the fiddle falter, and then and there, I screw Tape Minor, as I then was, snatched the soul of great Nero himself, and popped him in the pit.† He also goes a head lying that he regrets his act. On this other side he is busy commanding Wormwood to attach himself to one Michael Green, a miserable human in the town. Mike was dead asleep and his mother was trying to wake him up three times but still laying on bed to an extent that

Motivation to Learn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation to Learn - Essay Example It is mainly compose of an individual internal desire to comprehend their underlying interest, self-esteem and corresponding personal sense of accomplishment. It is also mainly influenced by internal factors. The main factors that aid in fostering intrinsic motivation of students entail individual’s autonomy, experience, handling of underlying challenges positively, and self-appraisal. A feeling of accomplishment of an individual can mainly be evaluated by underlying numerous devastating challenges that can correspondingly impart tautness and fear. This can make student feel realize set up to fail. Thus, teachers ought to monitor the way students fair on with diverse intensities of challenges. According to Dweck (2008), students possessing intrinsic motivation have different mindsets and are concern about numerous issues as compared to those one devoid of intrinsic motivation. Moreover, individuals with intrinsic motivation are normally interested getting knowledge at the expe nse of being noticed as smart by their colleagues and corresponding teachers. Instructors are normally in a position of assisting students in becoming intrinsically motivated via attaining necessary experience, which are commonly achieved via repetitive issuing of the prevailing evaluation tests. This can also be accomplished via provision of a participatory environment, which ensures that prevailing learners remain active in the course of the learning process. Diverse mindsets also aid in fostering intrinsic motivation.

Inflation Management in Sri Lanka Essay Example for Free

Inflation Management in Sri Lanka Essay Amarasekara (2008, p. 37) also concluded that in most sub-samples, inflation does not decline following a contractionary policy shock, possibly due to the longer lag effect. Innovations to money growth raise the interest rate, and when inflation does respond, it reacts to monetary innovations faster than GDP growth does. International Monetary Fund (2008) showed that changes in policy interest rates have significant effects on output but a small impact on inflation. Credit does not respond strongly to changes in policy interest rates. 3. Objectives of the Study The Central bank conducts monetary policy to achieve its one of primary objectives of price stability by changing interest rate and money supply. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to identify the relationship between the interest rate and inflation in Sri Lanka. A successful monetary policy strategy requires an understanding of the relationship between operating instruments of monetary policy (i. e. interest rate) and the ultimate goals like the price stability and output. Therefore, the study will help to identify the effectiveness of policy rates as a monetary policy instrument for inflation management. . Model, Methodology and Data Analysis Model and Methodology A regression model will be used to estimate the effect of key variables on inflation. The main concern of the study is the effect of the interest rate on the inflation. However, the model will be incomplete without including the variables below. This study tries to improve past models done by Sri Lankan economists by including additional macroeconomic variables namely; unemployment (UN), budget deficit (BD) and foreign inflation (FI) to remove any omitt ed variables bias. In this analysis, MMR is used as changes in policy rate are immediately transmitted to MMR. Inflation: According to previous literature, past inflation has an effect on current inflation through expectations. Here the Colombo Consumer Price Index (CCPI) is used. Exchange rate (ER): Changes in in the exchange rate affects the price of exports and imports in the country, and thus has a direct effect on inflation as Sri Lanka is heavily depend on international trade. GDP growth (GDP): The GDP is seasonally adjusted to capture seasonality. Unemployment (UN): According to the Phillips Curve there is an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation. Foreign Inflation (FI): In 2011, imports accounted for 37. 6% of GDP (CBSL Annual Report 2011) in Sri Lanka, and therefore prices of goods and services of Sri Lanka’s major trading partners can have an influential effect on inflation. Budget Deficit (BD): Most of the past literatures in Sri Lanka have omitted this important variable. However, public finance is an important issue in Sri Lanka and the effect of Monetary Policy cannot be studied without it. Data Collection For this study quarterly data will be obtained for all the variables from the first quarter of 1996 to the last quarter of 2011. The main data sources of the analysis are Annual Reports of CBSL, Monthly Bulletins of CBSL, other publications of CBSL, Annual Reports and Quarterly Reports of the Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka, and the World Bank Report 2011-2012. Analytical Tools The OLS regression model will describe the significance of key variables of the model and the effectiveness of the model in explaining the objective of the study. Apart from the simple OLS regression analysis, various econometric models will be used to obtain outcomes such as unit-root tests, Granger causality tests, impulse response and AR-root tests and Vector auto regression. The Ramsey’s Reset Test will be used for checking functional form mis-specification of the model. The normality of errors and other non-spherical disturbances will be checked using White’s Test (for Heteroskedasticity) and Durbin Watson Test (for serial correlation). The model also will be tested by omitting the interest rate variable and regressing the restricted model using J-Test to determine if the model is very different.

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay

Two Object Oriented Methodologies Booch And Rambaugh Information Technology Essay In this paper Object-oriented System development methodologies i-e Booch, Rambaugh, are reviewed and compared with each other with a focus on their development processes. We have developed a framework based on a set of criteria to compare the two methods. The aim of this comparison is to better understand the core philosophies and processes of each method, and internal activities that each method provides. The aim of this descriptions and comparisons are not to criticize the philosophies of theses methodologies, but to give a description of the two methodologies that will facilitate the readers to better understand each methodology, and to what extent the two methodologies are object oriented. And also this comparison provides an ease in selecting and evaluating each methodologys process. (doc1)The software engineering field has been evolving over the past thirty years, but it has never completely solved the software crisis. Software development methodologies, as an essential element of the discipline of software engineering, have also evolved from the shallow and informal methodologies of the late 1960s to the object-oriented methodologies of the 1990s and the new millennium (doc1). There is a rapid development in the object oriented paradigm during the past years and the important reasons for such rapidness are that the real world applications are modeled in a better way as well as the object oriented paradigm enables the reusability of different artifacts during the development of a software system. Object oriented system development approach facilitates the re-use of software components. A system developed with Object Oriented Methodology (OOM) on component basis can re-use the existing components effectively, and as well as its components can be shared by some other systems too. One can achieve higher productivity, better quality and low maintenance cost by adopting the OOM. Since, the object-oriented methodologies (OOM) are still growing and continue to evolve, and there are a number of popular OOMs circulating around, but none of them is widely accepted. The software community is yet not agreed upon several fundamental issues. (1) A methodology is a systematic collection of techniques guidelines for how to build, buy, maintain and/or enhance software products. A methodology provides a basis for communication, a toolkit of techniques and a basis for repeatable, reliable software engineering. The term, method, refers to an approach to activities generally adhering to common principles [14]. Object-oriented software development methodologies, starts from the appearance of hybrid methodologies, then move to seminal methodologies, and the development of integrated (third-generation/heavyweight) methodologies and their agile (lightweight) counterparts. The following are the categories of Object oriented methodologies [15]: Seminal: Shlaer-Mellor, Coad-Yourdon, RDD, Booch, OMT, OSA, OOSE, BON,Hodge-Mock, Syntropy, Fusion; Integrated: OPM, Catalysis, OPEN, RUP/USDP, EUP, FOOM; Agile: DSDM, Scrum, XP, ASD, dX, Crystal, FDD; Although the promises, that the object-oriented software development provides, are based on solid grounds but still there is a confusion among the organization on when and how to invest in this new technology and also whether to invest or not. One of the reason for such confusion is that a great number of methodologies have been evolved during the last years. The other reason for confusion is closely related to the attractiveness of object-oriented software: Many vendors sticks the label object-oriented to their products without delivering important features as King (1989, p. 24) states: If I were trying to sell (my cat) I would argue that he is object-oriented. Research Problem The research question we are going to answer is: To what extent the two Object Oriented Methodologies: Booch and Rambaugh methodologies are Object Oriented and to what extent the methodologies help the software development organizations?. The selection cretaria for the the above two OOM is mentioned in the section 1.4.2. Since the object oriented paradigm evolved in different areas of the software development simultaneously, therefore fundamental concepts were different in different methodologies and were not completely standardized. Each OOM developed in a particular software domain such as real time systems and Information systems, although some cross-over exists in some concepts among the methodologies. Therefore, some methodologies are best in the development of applications that belong to the domain for which the methodology is evolved, while other can be used more generally. Even though OOM that evolved in the same domain may differ enough in different concepts such as process and notation and as a result can effect the software engineering goals. Motivation In the recent years, an overwhelming popularity of object oriented analysis and design has been witnessed. This phenomenon is evidenced by the number of papers and articles that are published in various conference proceedings, journals, books, and other forms. But There are still a large part of the business world that uses traditional software development approach for applications development. And on the technology side, there is an extensive development in the area of Object-Oriented technologies that promises better quality and productivity through reusability, and also encourages team work. The following observation is made in a survey [] about the organizations that uses OOM, performed by Sumit: A recent survey of IS managers revealed that 39% of organizations have adopted OO technology in some form. Nonetheless, OO development methodologies are used in only 5% of IS projects are developed in OO methodologies (Glass, 1999). For a specific application the first task is to decide which methodology is most appropriate for its development. Sometimes we may have to adapt different methodologies. Therefore an organization, that wants to switch to object oriented technology, faces one important question: which OOM is appropriate and should be chosen? A systematic comparison of available OOMs can answer such a question in a better way before selecting one of them. There are number of papers and articles that compare different aspects of the OOMs such as the reusability, documentation and others. So there is a need for the comparison which considers their system development core philosophy including all the concepts that methodologies provide in their development process. Unfortunately, the comparison of these methodologies is complicated because each OOM has its own set of definitions of the techniques, concepts, notations and are composed of informal descriptions, therefore the comparison of the methodologies depends largely on the interpretations and perceptions of the person who performs the comparison[10]. Such a comparison facilitate the organization that are developing software with traditional approach and now these organizations want to switch from the traditional software development approach to object oriented approach.. We also want to improve the understanding of these methodologies through this comparison, and to provide an ease in selecting, and evaluating the methodologies. The other purpose is to provide knowledge to the individuals that are interested to get the knowledge about object-oriented concepts, to what extent the two methods are object oriented, and how they relate to one another. Such interest in some cases is academic (e.g., students). Similarly individuals in companies or organizations want to evaluate and select a methodology to be used in software development process. We believe that sometime these groups are given short time and resources to make this decision, therefore comparisons like this will provide a shortcut means of selection. Research Methodology and comparison issues First we will review the existing software development methodologies (seminal methodology) that are object-oriented. We will study their system development processes to get a knowledge base about the object oriented technology. The purpose of this study is to understand their system development processes and internal activities involved in these development processes. Then we will review the two methods using a process-centered template, where we will summarize the two methodologies, and the activities and techniques discuss in the two methodologies will be highlighted. In the second step we will evaluate and compare Booch and Rumbaugh Object Oriented. We will use books, journals, proceedings, and internet sources as the data sources about the object oriented methodologies and ongoing research to gain the knowledge base. This report compares the two object oriented methodologies: Booch method and Rambaugh method, by considering their system development core philosophy. A research has been done in Hewlett Packard Laboratories by Arnold and his colleagues [1], in which several comparing criteria are defined in the form of questions for comparing Object oriented Methodologies. These comparing criteria are based on the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the OOM methodology. Influenced by the above research, this report presents a framework to compare the two selected methodologies using the same set of criteria form the above research. The framework uses these set of comparing criteria for comparing the concepts, notations, process, and pragmatics of the two selected methodology which are defined in the section 1.5.1 under the heading of comparison variables. Using such framework helps us to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the two methods during the comparison process. Based on this framework, the two methods are extensively compared. The results are presented in a set of tables. Since the results are in tabular form so the similarities and differences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods can easily be seen. Comparison Variables As mentioned above, this report uses four main categories of the two methodologies in the comparison which are defined as follows: Concepts: Concepts are related to the conceptual underpinnings of the methodology that makes it object-oriented, and explians how the concepts such as object, class, state, inheritance, aggregation, and information hiding are defined and dealt by the methodology? Process: The methodology describes what steps to be taken and in what order to accomplish certain task in develoment process. How well the methodology specifies the process varies largly from methodology to methodology. Notation: The methodology describes tecniques (textual, and /or graphical) to capture and represent information within the development process. Some methodologies describe graphical techniques only, while others specify the form and content of whole documents. Pragmatics: The pragmatic criteria concentrate on nontechnical features. Pragmatics covers issues like needed resources, language suitability, learning of the CASE tools, required expertise, and domain applicability.(8) Comparison variables are listed in Table 1 under each category. The selection criterion for these variables is objectiveness. The aim of this report is to do the objective comparison of methodologies. That is, hard facts are produced by these variables about a methodology showing that a methodology either supports or does not support these variables. This selection criterion has one limitation. That is, no fine grained information regarding a variable is provided in this report for the comparison. Typically, the degree to which a methodology supports a variable is not answered in this comparison. In order to alleviate this shortfall for some variables, the report distinguishes explicit methodology support from implicit methodology support in the comparison and provide fine grained information if appropriate. The definitions of these variables in Table I are delayed until Section 3 when the selected OOADMs are compared. Table 1: Comparison variables Category Variables Concepts Class/Object, Abstract Classes, Meta-Classes, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Association, Aggregation, Methods/Messages, Type of Communications between objects and classes, Concurrency Process Development Process Deliverables, Development Context, Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle, Partitioning Mechanism, The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies Notations Static Concepts, Dynamic Concepts, Explicit Rules for Notations Symbols Pragmatics System Size, Programming Languages Support Selection of OOMs As mentioned above that this report compare the following two OOM for comparison. Object-Oriented Modeling and Techniques by J. Rumbaugh, et al. [Rumbaugh 91] Object-Oriented Analysis and Design by G. Booch [Booch 94] The selection of OOMs is based on three criteria. First the Object Oriented Methodologies (OOM) must be published in text book form so that adequate information is available for our comparison; which narrowed down our selection to those OOMs that are available in the text book form. Second the OOMs should be well-known and must be accepted by the software development community as real object-oriented methodologies. Third the methodologies must be supportred by CASE tools. The two OOM, selected in this report for camparison, fulfill and satisfy the three criteria [1, 10]. Both Booch, and Rumbaugh, which are the most widely used OOM, have evolved either from the real time domain or information processing domain and also are used in general. The two methodologies has gained significant attention so far in the software development community and are well documented at the same time. These criteria might exclude some well-known OOMs or recent developments in the OOM, but sufficiency, maturity and general acceptance of methodologies are the primary requirements for software development practice. Literature review Limitation This paper evaluates the aforementioned methods by scoring them against a set of criteria. It is not the goal of the paper to answer the question which one is the best? But rather to show the differences between methods and to allow conclusions be drawn as to their applicability. Remaining of report is divided into four sections. Section 2 provides a brief introduction of the two methodologies. Section 3 contains the comparison of the two methodologies. Section 4 presents the conclusion for the comparison of the two OOMs. Finally, section 5 contains the references to the literature used for this research. Brief introduction Of the Booch And Rambaugh (OMT) Methods Booch (1991, 1994) Booch introduced object oriented methodology in his book published in 1991. He was the first one to give the idea of the object-oriented approach in software development process, which he called system design [2][3]. He was popular at that for his landmark paper [Booch 1986] and for the work on Ada program design. He then introduced the analysis methodology to his design and extended his design model as a repeating process which he called The Micro Process) within a development process which is referred as The Macro Process. The macro process is shown in the figure 1 below as prescribed by Booch which is a self-iterative process Figure 1- The Macro Process -Booch [1994] These two processes are discussed in the next sections. The Macro Process The macro process consists of the following steps [2] [3] [4]. 1. Establish core requirements for software (conceptualization). 2. Develop a model of the systems desired behavior (analysis). 3. Create architecture for the implementation (design). 4. Evolve the implementation through successive refinements (evolution). 5. Post-delivery evolution management (maintenance). The Micro Process The micro process consists of the following activities as shown in figure 2 below [2] [3] [4]: The classes and objects are identified at a given abstraction level. Figure 2-The Micro Process Booch [1994] 2. Previously identified classes and objects meanings are established by defining the Semantics for every class and object, as well as the behavior of the system and its components are determined. 3. The interface of classes and objects as well as their implementation are specified. Decisions about the representation of the classes and objects are made in design model. Rambaugh OMT (1991) Rumbaugh introduced Object Modeling Technique (OMT) in 1991.OMT consists of following three major models and then it defines a method for integrating them [11] [12]. 1. The Object Model 2. The Dynamic Model 3. The Functional Model The object model In this model, Objects static structure and relationships among these objects are determined within a system. The following are the main concepts used in this model: object class operation attribute association aggregation Inheritance Dynamic model This model gives a description about the dynamics of the objects and their changes in states. This model shows the essential characteristics that change over time in a system by observing the objects behavior over time, and by exploring control and events flow among the objects. The control aspects of a system are specified and implemented in this model. The following are the main concepts in this model: state sub/super state event activity action Functional model This model shows information about the data flow within a system and the outside world. The following are then main concepts of this model: process data flow data store actor (source/sink) control flow OMT consists of five phases. 1. Analysis 2. System Design 3. Object Design 4. Implementation (coding) 5. Testing OMT processes considers the primary features in the first three phases of development (i-e Analysis, System Design and Object Design) and are explained in following sections. The following figure 3 shows these processes. Figure 3.-The OMT process- Derr [1995]. 1. Analysis this phase goal is to build a comprehensible and correct model according to the real world situation. The initial problem statement is developed from the requirements of the users and information that are provided by developers and managers. The analysis phase produces the following deliverables [11] [12]: Problem Statement Object Model, which consists of Object Model Diagram and data dictionary Dynamic Model, which consists of State Diagrams and Global Event Flow Diagram Functional Model, which consists of Data Flow Diagram and constraints 2. System design on the bases of architectural design of the system and problem domain, the system is partitioned into subsystems. The following are the system design phase deliverables: System Design Document: consists of architectural design of the system and high-level strategic decisions for implementing data stores in the form of data structures, files, and databases. 3. Object design based on the analysis model, the goal of this phase to provide Implementation details that include the domain infrastructure classes along with the internal objects needed for implementation. The following are the object design phase deliverables: Detailed Object Model Detailed Dynamic Model Detailed Functional Model 4. Implementation in this phase the system that is designed so far is translated into programming language code and hardware. 5. Test The entire System that is developed is verified in this phase. Testing includes system level and scenario based tests. Comparison Of Booch and Rambaugh methods The framework used in this paper is considering the following major areas of each methodology for comparison: Concepts Process Notations Pragmatics 3.1 Concepts A method to be consider as object oriented, it should support concepts that are related to the object oriented methologies. This comparison provides help in evaluating the method to the extent it is is object oriented. Therefore , in this paper we are comparing object oriented concepts of the two methodologies, Booch and Rambaugh, in the following categories. Concepts, such as Class, Object, etc. The relationships such as Inheritance and Aggregation Types of communications between objects and classes. Concurrency mechanisms Object is the fundamental concept of every object-oriented method, that must be supported by the method. An object encapsulates its internal state (or attributes) and provides a set of operations (methods/messeges) as an interface for manipulating the state. Whereas a class is a template which describes the attributes and interface of a set of objects. Object instances are produced by defining class variables.[5] Table 1 lists comparison of the object oreinted concepts that both methodology provides. A Y in the box for each concept represents that an artifact is provided by the coresponding methodology. Table 1. Object Oriented concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch classes/objects Y Y abstract classes Y Y meta-classes Y Y Encapsulation Y Y single inheritance Y Y multiple inheritance Y Y Aggregation Y Y Association Y Y methods/messages Y Y Total 9 9 Real world is concurrent, so object oriented methods often uses concurrent objects in the analysis phase to model it. Objects remain in passive mode, until an operation is invoked by another object to bring them in active mode. If there are more than one thread of control associated with active object, then it is called internally concurrent object. Therefore object oriented methods should support ways to access the shared data in concurrent systems.[5] Table 2. Concurrency Method Passive Active internally concurrent Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Communiication provides information flow and synchronization between objects that are involved in the communication. In Synchronous communication the sender object send a messege to the reciever object and suspend execution until it receives an aknowlegment message from the reciever, whereas in asynchronous communication the sender does not wait for the aknowlegment and continues its execution. Sequential systems uses procedural call whereas concurrent object systems uses remote procedure Call for communication. Table 3. Communication Method Synchronous Asynchronous Procedural Remote procedure Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch Y Y Y Process 3.2.1. Deliverables that are produced during the Development Process: A number of different types of deliverables are generated during the development process of a system. These include a number of specifications likely requirements, analysis, design, subsystem, and test cases. Particularly, in object-oriented development process, object and classes specifications are very important. Following criteria is used to find out the deliverables that each methodology generates during the development process: 0 shows no deliverable is generated. 1 shows deliverable is generated, but details are not provided. 2 shows deliverable is generated and also well defined. 3 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given. 4 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is provided, and an example is given, and a definition for the process is provided. 5 shows deliverable is generated, a definition is supplied, an example is given, a definition for the process is provided, and heuristics are provided. The following table 4 represents the results of this evaluation: Table 4: Development process deliverables Method Rumbaugh Booch Requirement Specification 2 1 Design Specification 2 2 Test Cases 0 0 Object/Class Specification 5 1 Subsystem Specification 0 1 Totals 9 5 3.2.2. Development Contexts A set of constraints occur during the development process which are established by development context. The following criteria are used to evaluate that whether each methodology explicitly discusses the constraints that are established by the development context, or not within the method. A Y in the With Prototyping column shows that prototyping is discussed explicitly in the methodology. A Y in the As Prototyping indicates that prototypes iteratively deliver the system and methodology produces prototypes into production. A Y in the With Reuse shows that the methodology explicitly incorporate the reuse products into the method The For Reuse indicates whether the methodology delivers reusable products for other processes or not. Table 5: Development Context Method Rumbaugh Booch With Prototype Y As Prototype With Reuse Y Y For Reuse Partial Y Aspects of the Development Life-Cycle The whole development life cycle of a methodology gives us a suggestion about the completeness and consistency of the methodology. If a methodology covers all aspects of the development lifecycle during the development process then it ensures the completeness and the consistency of the methodology and it is useful to the organization as a complete and consistent methodology. Therefore, complete life cycle coverage is very important to a life cycle with a limited coverage. Following table 6 values shows these aspects: 0 shows this feature is not covered. 1 shows this feature is covered, but with no details. 2 show this feature is covered with definition. 3 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one). 4 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process. 5 shows this feature is covered, a definition is given with an example (at least one) and with defined process, and heuristics are provided. Table 6: Development process life cycle coverage Method Rumbaugh Booch Domain Analysis 0 4 Requirement Analysis 5 2 Enterprise Modeling 0 0 Design 5 5 Implement 3 4 Test 2 0 Total 15 15 In software engineering Extensibility of the system design is a systematic measure of the ability to last or continue. A level of efforts is required to extend a system in range or scope. Table 7: Extensibility Method Completeness Consistency Extensibility Rumbaugh Y Y Y Booch N N N Table 8: Process properties Method Well-defined steps(process) Pure or hybrid Traceable across lifecycle Rumbaugh Y H Y Booch Partial P Partitioning Mechanism When system size increases, then at a particular time, the visibility of certain information about the objects of interest is very crucial and to limit this visibility a partitioning mechanism is required. Each methodology was studied carefully to seek such mechanisms it provides. So the information in the table below was the outcome. Table 9: Partition mechanism Method Partitioning Mechanism Rumbaugh Subsystems Booch Subsystems The Life-Cycle of the Methodologies The development life-cycle of each methodology was carefully reviewed so as to determine that whether the methodology follows a sequential (i-e Waterfall), iterative or recursive strategy because it is the crucial requirement for project planning. Otherwise it will yield unexpected results with high risk and would lead to total failure. The following table 10 shows that which methodology follows what strategy. Table 10: life cycle property Method Recursive Iterative Sequential Rumbaugh Y Booch Y 3.3 Notations 3.3.1. Static Concepts Each methodology was reviewed to determine that how each methodology represents the following concepts: Aggregation: what are the components an object is a composed of. Communication: How the classes or objects communicate with each other(i-e by sending message to one another) Specialization: An object is represented as a generalization, or specialization, of another class or object? Module Interfaces: The physical implementations of objects Qualifications for Reuse: How much each methodology encourages the reuse of different components of development process. These concepts within each methodology indicates that how the models are used. The table 11 below shows the notations for these concepts. Table 11: Static Concepts Method Rumbaugh Booch Aggregation Object Model Class Diagram Specialization Object Model Class Diagram Communication Scenario Class Diagram Module Interfaces Module Qualifications f

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder Keywords: Anxiety, Moringa pudding, HIV/AIDS, GABA.   Indonesias first case of HIV was reported in 1987 and between then and 2009, 3,492 people died from the disease (Fred, 2012). Of the 11,856 cases reported in 2008, 6,962 of them were people under 30 years of age, including 55 infants under 1 year old (Seligson and Peterson, 2010). There are a high number of concentrated cases among Indonesias most at risk including injection drug users (IDUs), sex workers their partners and clients, homosexual men and infants who contract the disease through the womb or from being breast fed (Chris, 2012). In the last 15 years, HIV/AIDS has become an epidemic in Indonesia. The highest concentration areas are Papua, Jakarta, East Java, West Java, Bali and Riau and all are considered to be zones that need immediate attention. Due to the increasing number of IDUs, the number of new infections has grown rapidly since 1999. Moreover, a generalised epidemic is already under way in the provinces of Papua and West Papua, where a population based survey found an adult-prevalence rate of 2.4% in 2006 (Broman, 2009). A whopping 48% of Papuans are unaware of HIV/AIDS, and the number of AIDS cases per 100,000 people in the two provinces is almost 20 times the national average. The percentage of people who reported being unaware of HIV/AIDS increases to 74% among uneducated populations in the region (Braet et al., 2007). (The epidemic in Indonesia is one of the fastest growing among HIV/AIDS in Asia. The epidemic of injecting drug use continues to be the primary mode of transmission, accounting for 59% of HIV infections, and heterosexual transmission accounted for 41% in 2006. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, recent surveys report that more than 40% of IDUs in Jakarta have tested positive for HIV, and about 13% tested positive in West Java. Many IDUs sell sex to finance their drug habits. Yet in 2005, 25% of IDUs in Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan said they had unprotected paid sex in the last 12 months (Baxter, 2010). The Indonesian archipelago stretches more than 3,000 miles along the Equator. Cultural practices and levels of urbanization have an impact on the HIV/AIDS epidemic (Fredrickson et al., 2008). For instance, a culture of paid and transactional sex among young men and women aged 15 to 24 has been a driving factor in Papua. Among 15 to 24 year olds, HIV-prevalence rates were 3% in 2006, according to the Ministry of Health (Hunter and . Prevalence rates among sex workers in East Javas major urban areas ranged from 9% in Surabaya to 16% in Malang and Probolinggo in 2004 (Haruddin, 2012). Numerous factors put Indonesia in danger of a broader epidemic. Risky sexual behaviors are common. Only 54.7% of sex workers and 56.5% of men who have sex with men (MSM) use condoms consistently, and just 18.5 percent of IDUs consistently use both sterile needles and condoms, according to Indonesias 2006 report to the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). Many IDUs are also sex workers or clients of sex workers, increasing the likelihood of HIV/AIDS spreading to the general population. Awareness of HIV status among at-risk populations is low. According to a 2004-2005 study cited in the UNGASS report, 18.1% of IDUs, 15.4% of MSM, 14.8% of sex workers, and 3.3% of clients of sex workers had received HIV testing in the previous 12 months and knew their test results (Hoshi et al., 2007). Stigma and discrimination persist and many people living with HIV hide their status for fear of losing their jobs, social status, and the support of their families and communities, thus decreasing the likelihood that they will receive proper treatment and increasing the chances of HIV spreading undetected. Feelings of anxiety are a normal, healthy response to the diagnosis, onset, or progression of HIV infection (Daniel et al., 2009). But its important to recognize the difference between this type of anxiety and the sort that signals a clinical disorder. HIV itself does not cause anxiety disorders, but HIV+ people tend to experience more anxiety than the general population. Certain medications used to treat HIV can also cause anxiety symptoms. Fortunately, anxiety disorders are among the most treatable of psychiatric conditions, and respond well to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment (Phillipe and Cella, 2009). Among HIV/AIDS-infected patients receiving medical care, 20.3% have been found to have an anxiety disorder, with 12.3% meeting the criteria for panic disorder, 10.4% for PTSD, and 2.8% having generalized anxiety disorder (Nevid, 2012). People living with HIV can experience symptoms of anxiety across the spectrum of anxiety disorders. Adjustment disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder that manifests as anxiety, and is common after receiving an HIV diagnosis (Gropen et al., 2011). The other major types of anxiety disorder are panic disorder and agoraphobia, social phobia and other phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), acute stress disorder and anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition (McDowell and Newell, 1999). HIV+ people experience some anxiety disorders, such as OCD, no more frequently than those who do not have the virus (Post and White, 2004). But the experience of having HIV can prompt or exacerbate other disorders, such as PTSD, especially when someone has an underlying risk for them. Anxiety can present in a variety of ways, including shortness of breath, chest pain, racing heart, dizziness, numbness or tingling, nausea or the sensation of choking. When there are no underlying medical explanations for these symptoms, clinicians are advised to consider an anxiety disorder as the cause (Ruggert and Warner, 2001). Anxiety disorders can seem to flare up at key moments in the experience of HIV disease, such as at the time of initial HIV diagnosis, diagnosis with an opportunistic infection, a declining CD4 count or a blip in viral load, or any other reminder of ongoing HIV infection. Its helpful to recognize that these experiences may trigger anxiety, even symptoms of panic disorder and depression, for an HIV+ person. Besides the discomfort of anxiety disorders, they can interfere in an HIV+ persons overall success in managing HIV because they are a major cause of nonadherence to medication (Post and White, 2004). There is a main question What are appropriate treatments for an HIV+ person suffering from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is portrayed as a frame of mind concerned about future in association with preparation for possible, upcoming undesirable happenings. The present treatment for the disorder is having a lot of side-effects. An agent with good therapeutic effect and less side-effects is needed for the treatment of anxiety. State Hospital of Waluyo Jati has found an innovation through Nutri Moringa Pudding on decreasing of anxiety level in HIV/AIDS-infected patients. To investigate the Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) extract of Moringa oleifera Pudding in HIV/AIDS-infected patients. It showed by statistic result by paired sample t-test (SPSS) t. 0.0008, it means P The research subject is determined by the purposive sampling and it was conducted on HIV/AIDS patient. A pretest with the anxieties scale (Nevid, 2012) followed by first group (n=50), then selected a sample that has the highest anxiety score (n=30) and they will be the subjects and treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding for a week. Post-test be held a week after treated. Fixed schedule of moringa pudding consumption be done 3 times a day.       nonR 01 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  (x) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  02 The Anxiety Scale by Nevid input form consists of 30 vignette like questions designed to rate 3 aspects such as emotional, cognitive, and physiologic of subjects in terms of severity and role in the core character. The questions are clustered in matrix format across three core character types, namely Types A, B, and C. By referencing the strength of scores related to their type domain characteristics, the likely triggers and expressions of maladaptive behavior is identified, which can be applied to a variety of settings and objectives. The matrix structure and associated characteristics are illustrated in Diagram 1 below. Tabel-1. Anxiety Scale Item Scale Favorable Unfavorable DISCUSSION There Anxiety disorders are a serious concern for HIV+ people who dont have good coping strategies and a strong social support network, such as family, friends, or a faith community. Individuals with a history of abuse physical, sexual, emotional are more likely to have an anxiety disorder (Daniels, 2010) People who have unresolved grief, whatever the source, should be screened for anxiety. Those with a personal or family history of anxiety disorders also are at higher risk for developing them. A person with HIV who appears to have symptoms of an anxiety disorder should be given a thorough medical evaluation that includes taking a history of anxiety symptoms to determine onset, frequency, and severity/ anxiety scale (Strongman, 2012). The interviewing clinician should ask about stressful life events, family history, drug and alcohol use (past and present), and any medications the patient is taking (Lee, 2008). Kennedy et al. (2010) explainded that a complete diagnostic evaluation includes testing thyroid, liver, and kidney function, and evaluating for other psychiatric disorders associated with comorbid anxiety (e.g., depression). Certain neuropsychiatric disorders that are common in people with advanced HIV disease (AIDS) must be ruled out before diagnosing anxiety, particularly HIV-associated dementia which can include anxiety. Delirium also commonly features anxiety and agitation. Its especially important to treat the delirium and avoid using anti anxiety medications, which can have serious adverse affects (Jocham and Ullsperger, 2009). A host of general medical conditions are associated with anxiety and must also be ruled out during the diagnostic process. These include fever, dehydration and metabolic complications, CNS opportunistic infections, neurosyphilis, respiratory conditions, endocrinopathies (problems with the endocrine system), cardiovascular disease, and hyperventilation syndrome. A number of HIV-related medications can cause anxiety as a side effect, especially at first. These include acyclovir, antiretrovirals (e.g., efavirenz), corticosteroids, isoniazid, interferons, interleukin-2, and pentamindine. Anxiety is also a side effect of a variety of medications used for other psychiatric complaints (e.g. depression, delirium). In both cases, the anxiety-producing medication should be replaced. If this isnt possible, the anxiety should be treated, preferably with nonpharmacological methods. Cause the medicine has many side effect to their body. There are three different methods used to successfully treat anxiety disorders: pharmacological, nonpharmacological, or a combination of the two. Each patients experience of an anxiety disorder is unique and must be treated as such. Although many anti-anxiety medications are effective, there are also a number of good nonpharmacological treatments to choose from. When someone suffering from anxiety disorder is already taking a variety of medications, or there is concern about potential complications or interactions between medications, it may be preferable to pursue a nonpharmacological approach (Topà §uoÄÅ ¸lu et al., 2009) Medications used to treat anxiety disorders include SSRIs; benzodiazepines, the most commonly used but potentially causing withdrawal symptoms when stopped; venlafaxine; and buspirone. Other anti-anxiety agents that can be effective include antihistamines, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants. Its important to consider drug-drug interactions and potential side effects if the treating physician chooses to treat anxiety with one of these medications. Nonpharmacological treatments of HIV-related anxiety include treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding it does not has side effect. Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a food plant withmultiple medical uses, distributed in many countries of the tropicsand subtropics. It has an impressive range of medical uses with high nutritional value. M. oleifera has antibacterial activity and are reported to be rich in antimicrobial agents (Parrota, 2010). These are reported to contain an active antibiotic principle, pterygospermin, which has powerful antibacterial and fungicidal effects to prevent a pain hormonal such as cortisol and sitokinin. These are to be responsible of anxiety if it is in abnormal condition (Lizzy, 2011). In Nutri Moringa Pudding, a similar compound is found to be responsible for the antibacterial effects and it will result GABA, dopamine in body. The possesses antimicrobial activity attributed to the presence of 4-ÃŽÂ ±-L-rhamnosyloxy benzyl isothiocyanate. The aglycone of deoxyniazimicine isolated from the chloroform fraction of an ethanol was found to be responsible for the antibacterial and antifu ngal activities to prevent of pain hormonal secretion, then produce GABA, dopamine, and encephaline. Nutri Moringa Pudding has been shown to possess antifungal activity that showed antibacterial effect against pathogen bacteria in digestivus system. It was found to inhibitthe growth of microorganisms. Different nutritionts of this pudding contain a profile of important minerals, and are a good source of protein, GABA, vitamins, ÃŽÂ ² -carotene, amino acids and various phenolics (Toefilo, 2003). Indonesia has used Moringa oleifera modification such as Nutri Moringa Pudding cause it is plant provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin, ÃŽÂ ² sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol such as Walujo Jati hospital in Kraksaan, Probolinggo, East Java Indonesia used it since 2012 to overcome anxiety, malprotein nutrition, diabetes, and cancer. In addition to its compelling high nutritional value, M. oleifera is very important for its medicinal values. Picture-2. Nutri Moringa Pudding ImplicationPicture-1.GABA-ergic Selected samples were 30 subjects treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding showed the reduction of HIV/AIDS-infected patients with 10 mg/kg GABA-ergic in Moringa Pudding. The result of the post-test by Paired Sample t- test analysis (SPSS 19) with a value oft= 0.008 or P Tabel-2. Hypotetic Resume Pre-post result Z -2.549a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .008 Based on positive ranks. Paired samle t- Test 10mg GABA in Nutri Moringa Pudding to overcome anxiety disorder. GABA (gamma- aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid. It is the main inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers between neurons (nerve cells). The body make GABA from glutamine a vital amino acid in the brain (Parrota, 2010). Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. GABA is a natural calming and anti-epileptic and anti anxiety agent . It is vital for proper brain functioning. GABA also helps bodies make endorphins chemicals that make them feel happy. Lizzy (2011) said GABA influences our mood because it reduces high levels of the hormones adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine, and it affects the neurotransmitter serotonin. Having enough GABA in the brain is linked to being relaxed and happy. Having too little GABA is linked to the feeeling anxious, sleeping problem insomnia, stressed, tense and depressed. when people are nervous or anxious their brains produce more beta brain waves than alpha brain waves. Taking GABA increases the amount of alpha waves. Alpha waves are linked to clear thinking, good focus and being in the zone or the flow. In these mind states, in which people are focused, calm and productive, they have high amounts of alpha brain wave activity, finally it can increase CD4 of HIV/AIDS-infected patients. This scientific paper has showed the effect of Nutri Moringa Pudding on decreasing of HIV/AIDS-infected patients. The research showed that the GABA, dopamine, and encephaline in Nutri Moringa Pudding may have produced by multiple mechanisms. It was 20-200mg/kg of the GABA in pudding extract, it appeared that supplementation was able to cause a reduction of anxiety in HIV/AIDS-infected patients Pharmachology intervention has many side effect that it can be danger for human. Nutri Moringa Pudding show the innovative of anxiety disorder and it saved for everyone who consumed it. Promotion Nutri Moringa Pudding must be done by physician, nutritionist, health practice, psychologist, consultant, etc. the value added that Nutri Moringa Consumption showed a good result for PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition) cases, cause it has double protein from eggs. The authors are thankful to Her Royal Highness Princess Tantriana Sari Hasan Aminuddin as a Probolinggo Regence for support her delegation in International; also Dr. Anang Budi Yoelijanto (MD) as a Director of Waluyo Jati State Hospital for research funding and international publication; Nutritionist Team (Instalasi Gizi) Waluyo Jati State Hospital for providing the necessary for the preparation of the research; Dr. Mirrah Samiyah (MD), Namira School, and Dr. Frizka Eliza (MD) for preparing the previous research; Daily Newspaper Kedaulatan Rakyat Yogyakarta, Indonesia for National Publication our research; Dr. Alimatus Sahrah, Dr. Ir. Wisnu Adi Yulianto, Mrs. Reny Yuniasanti, Mr. Awan Santosa at Mercu Buana University of Yogyakarta for supporting of academic material research; Mrs. Rumaniyah, Prof. Dr. Sukarti Moeljopawiro at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta Indonesia for programming the simulations; Ms. Ayu Deni Pramita for being our research volunteer; Academic Lecturers at Colle ge and Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand for helping with providing the journal; and our wishes to thank Prof. Dr. L. T. Handoko as a Deputy Chairman for Engineering Sciences Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for helping with writing the article. References Baxter, 2010. The quality of life in Tazmanian on HIV medicine. Massachusetts: MIT, Inc., 9: 132-133. Braet, C., L. Claus, S. Verbeken and L.V. Vlierberghe, 2007. Impulsivity in overweight children. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(8): 473-483. DOI 10.1007/s00787-007-0623-2. Broman, C., 2009. The longitudinal impact of adolescent drug use on socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 18(2): 131-143. [Accessed ERIC Database]. Chris, D., 2012. HIV/AIDS growing and the death of human. United State of America: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 7: 67-69. Daniel, J., M. Hickman, J. Macleod, N. Wiles, A. Lingford Hughes and M. Farrell, 2009. Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use? A systematic review of the evidence. Drug Alcohol Review, 28(2): 142-153. DOI 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00042.x. Daniels, M., 2010. Gallup: Conservatives outnumber liberals 2:1, church attendance rising. Secular News Daily. Available from http:// www.secularnewsdaily.com/2010/06/28/gallup-conservatives- outnumber-liberals-21-church-attendance-rising/ [Accessed August 15, 2010]. Fred, B., 2012. Psikologi Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 14: 43-45. Fredrickson, R., P.J. Snyder, J. Cromer, E. Thomas, M. Lewis and P. Maruff, 2008. The use of effect sizes to characterize the nature of cognitive change in psychopharmacological studies: An example with scopolamine. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experimental, 23(5): 425-436. DOI 10.1002/ hup.942. Gropen, R., N. Clark Chiarelli, C. Hoisington and S. Ehrlich, 2011. The importance of executive function in earlyscience education. Available from http://ltd.edc.org/sites/ltd.edc.org/files/Gropen%20et%20al%20CDP%20in%20press%20122110.pdf[Accessed September 30, 2011]. Haruddin, A., 2012. Studi pelaksanaan HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1: 91-92. Hoshi, R., K. Mullins, C. Boundy, C. Brignell, P. Piccini and H. Curran, 2007. Neurocognitive function in current and exusers of ecstasy in comparison to both matched polydrug using controls and drugnaÃÆ' ¯ve controls. Psychopharmacology, 194(3): 371-379. DOI 10.1007/ s00213-007-0837-5. Jocham, W. and M. Ullsperger, 2009. Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(1): 48-60. DOI 10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2008.08.011. Kennedy, W.O., R. Veasey, A. Watson, F. Dodd, E. Jones, S. Maggini and C.F. Haskell, 2010. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211(1): 55-68. DOI 10.1007/s00213-010-1870-3. Lee, K., 2008. A coverage prevention of HIV/AIDS. Malaysia: Health Ministry, Inc, 1: 22-25. Lizzy, 2011. Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part 4: Potential anticholera agents. European J. Exper. Biol, 6(3): 168-169. McDowell and Newell, 1999. WHO on developing og the quality of life: A review of public policy. International Conference on Public Health. New York: Massachusetts Institute Technology, Inc. Nevid, S., 2012. Kecemasan bagaimana mengatasi penyebabnya. Jakarta :Pustaka Populer Obor, 1: 56. Parrota, J.A., 2010. Healing plants of Peninsular India. Wallingford, UK and New York, NY, USA: CABI Publishing. Phillipe and Cella, 2009. Related health on improving of quality of life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 5: 88. Post and White, 2004. Public health on influencing the quality of life. USA: Springer, Inc. 2: 91. Ruggert and Warner, 2001. The quality of life on HIV medicine. United State of America: Missouri Corp, 8: 110. Seligson and Peterson, 2010. AIDS prevention and treatment: Hope, humor, and healing. New York: Hemisphere Pub, 114. Strongman, K., 2012. The psychiatric of emotion fifth edition from everyday life to theory. New Zealand : Departement of Psychology, University of Canterbury, 2: 201-203. Toefilo, S., 2003. Health plants for human well-being. Minnesota: Minnesota University, Inc, 2: 61-62. Topà §uoÄÅ ¸lu, N.V., O. Fistikci, O. Ekinci, G.A. Gimzal and A.B. Cà ¶mert, 2009. Assessment of executive functions in social phobia patients using the wisconsin card sorting test. Tà ¼rk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(4): 322-331. [Accessed EBSCOhost]. Appendix Picture-3. Nutri Moringa Pudding SachetPicture-4. Nutri Moringa Pudding      Ã‚  

Symbolism in How I Learned to Drive by Paula Vogel Essay -- How Learne

Paula Vogel’s play, How I Learned to Drive, artistically tackles the disturbing issue of incestual pedophilia. The play’s protagonist Li’l Bit narrates the action as she goes through her memory of specific events. Much like stream of consciousness, her narration does not lead chronologically to scenes in her past. Rather it jumps back and forth between the present and different points in her life. She tells of her memories of youth and her sexual and emotional relationship with her Uncle Peck. Rather than simply telling about her experiences, though, Li’l Bit shares her memories through vignettes which show the audience her role in the affair within the context of learning to drive (Greene 425). Vogel’s writing exudes symbolism from the first word of the script to the last – from the rise of the curtain to its close. The glimpses into Li’l Bit’s past are sometimes explicitly and literally described, but Vogel also often uses extended metaphors to act as a detailed commentary on the action. Why, however, did the playwright choose symbolism to convey the effects of sexual abuse – as heavy as its subject matter may be – during the late twentieth century when seemingly nothing is censored in America? In order to answer this and better understand the way in which Vogel uses symbolism –in the smaller elements of the play and extended metaphors – the terms must first be defined. Symbolism can be defined as â€Å"the representation of a reality on one level of reference by a corresponding reality on another† (â€Å"Symbolism† 564). The word symbol comes from the Greek word "symballein," which translates literally into â€Å"to throw together† and suggests the combining of two unrelated worlds. Much... .... Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 1617-19. Houchin, John H. Censorship of the American Theatre in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2003. â€Å"Metaphor.† Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism - Forms - Technique. Ed. Joseph T. Shipley. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943. 377-8. Pellegrini, Ann. â€Å"The Plays of Paula Vogel.† A Companion to Twentieth-Century American Drama. Ed. David Krasner. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. 473-84. Redmond, James, ed. Drama and Symbolism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1982. Vol. 4 of Themes in Drama. 1982-1986. 7-10, 37. Savran, David. â€Å"Paula Vogel.† The Playwright’s Voice. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1999. 267-88. â€Å"Symbolism.† Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism - Forms - Technique. Ed. Joseph T. Shipley. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943. 564-9. Symbolism in How I Learned to Drive by Paula Vogel Essay -- How Learne Paula Vogel’s play, How I Learned to Drive, artistically tackles the disturbing issue of incestual pedophilia. The play’s protagonist Li’l Bit narrates the action as she goes through her memory of specific events. Much like stream of consciousness, her narration does not lead chronologically to scenes in her past. Rather it jumps back and forth between the present and different points in her life. She tells of her memories of youth and her sexual and emotional relationship with her Uncle Peck. Rather than simply telling about her experiences, though, Li’l Bit shares her memories through vignettes which show the audience her role in the affair within the context of learning to drive (Greene 425). Vogel’s writing exudes symbolism from the first word of the script to the last – from the rise of the curtain to its close. The glimpses into Li’l Bit’s past are sometimes explicitly and literally described, but Vogel also often uses extended metaphors to act as a detailed commentary on the action. Why, however, did the playwright choose symbolism to convey the effects of sexual abuse – as heavy as its subject matter may be – during the late twentieth century when seemingly nothing is censored in America? In order to answer this and better understand the way in which Vogel uses symbolism –in the smaller elements of the play and extended metaphors – the terms must first be defined. Symbolism can be defined as â€Å"the representation of a reality on one level of reference by a corresponding reality on another† (â€Å"Symbolism† 564). The word symbol comes from the Greek word "symballein," which translates literally into â€Å"to throw together† and suggests the combining of two unrelated worlds. Much... .... Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 1617-19. Houchin, John H. Censorship of the American Theatre in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2003. â€Å"Metaphor.† Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism - Forms - Technique. Ed. Joseph T. Shipley. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943. 377-8. Pellegrini, Ann. â€Å"The Plays of Paula Vogel.† A Companion to Twentieth-Century American Drama. Ed. David Krasner. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. 473-84. Redmond, James, ed. Drama and Symbolism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1982. Vol. 4 of Themes in Drama. 1982-1986. 7-10, 37. Savran, David. â€Å"Paula Vogel.† The Playwright’s Voice. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1999. 267-88. â€Å"Symbolism.† Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism - Forms - Technique. Ed. Joseph T. Shipley. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943. 564-9.

Track State Championship Essay -- Memoir Essays

Track State Championship The pit of my stomach felt as if it was being eaten away by gnawing insects inside. It wasn't just the ordinary butterflies but evil-biting insects. I was standing impatiently on the track quickly sliding further toward the inside as the incoming runner completed her handoff. Screaming encouragements, I waited for Rachel to make her way down the last stretch. We successfully completed our exchange of the baton and I was off. We arrived at Dutch Clark Stadium in Pueblo, Colorado our normal two hours early on a dark, rainy Friday morning. Our team carried in the large tarp, blue tent, coolers full of energy food and many cases of water to keep us hydrated throughout the day. The sight of the enormous red rubber track brought that familiar tingle to my stomach. "It's the same size as any other track, but we just run the opposite direction," I heard Coach Dirst joke with the always gullible Erin. Shortly after we set up camp, I heard the familiar words, "Get out of here!" come from Coach Dirst. Our team made our way down the mountain of unevenly spaced, concrete stairs to the track. After doing our routine warm-up of a two-lap jog, stretches and form running, the team scattered, some preparing for their event, others just hoping to catch a few more zs. As I was making my way back to camp, I noticed everyone's red stained t-shirts and sweatshirts from stretching on the damp track, not realizing those stains would in time become memories I'd never forget. The day of prelims jumped off to a great start. The medley relay qualified for finals, and Kendal became a two-time state champion in high jump capturing the team's first ten points. The rest of the day went just as well. After placing fourth a... ...owerful! To hear Coach Dirst say that just made the whole experience that much more special. All the hard work we'd put in throughout the year had finally paid off when it mattered most. As we ran our final victory lap of the 2002 track season, we realized we had accomplished what every team dreams. After the sharing of many hugs and tears, happy ones of course, I made my way back to camp to gather my belongings. I then slowly strolled to the parking lot wanting to savor the incredible feeling. As I gazed up at the pitch-black sky, a raindrop fell to my forehead. Within no time at all, I was standing in the midst of a downpour taking everything in as I thought, "This is as good as it gets!" All the emotions, triumph, thrill and excitement, I was feeling acted like a bug bomb to the evil-biting insects that were at one time eating away at the pit of my stomach. Â